{"id":37907,"date":"2017-09-04T23:01:41","date_gmt":"2017-09-04T15:01:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hongkiat.com\/blog\/?p=37907"},"modified":"2023-04-06T19:06:50","modified_gmt":"2023-04-06T11:06:50","slug":"object-oriented-javascript","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hongkiat.com\/blog\/object-oriented-javascript\/","title":{"rendered":"3 Ways to Create Object Instances in OOJS"},"content":{"rendered":"

When a programming language is all about objects<\/strong>, the first thing we need to learn is how to create objects<\/strong>. Creating objects in JavaScript is fairly easy: a pair of curly braces<\/strong> will do the job, however, that is neither the only way<\/strong> to create an object nor the only way<\/strong> you\u2019ll ever need to use.<\/p>\n

In JavaScript, object instances are created from built-in objects<\/a><\/strong> and come to existence when the program is running. For example, Date<\/code><\/a> is a built-in object that gives us information about dates. If we want to show the current date on a page, we need a runtime instance of Date<\/code><\/strong> that carries the information about the current date.<\/p>\n

JavaScript also allows us to define our own objects<\/strong> that can produce their own object instances in runtime. In JavaScript, everything is an object<\/strong> and every object has an ultimate ancestor<\/strong> called Object<\/code><\/a>. The creation of an object instance is called instantiation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Read Also:<\/strong> Ultimate Guide to Getters and Setters in JavaScript<\/a><\/p>\n

1. The new<\/code> operator<\/h2>\n

One of the most common and well-known methods to create a new object instance is by using the new<\/code><\/a> operator<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

You need a constructor<\/strong> to make the new<\/code> operator work. A constructor is a method of an object that puts together a new instance of that object<\/strong>. Its basic syntax looks like this:<\/p>\n

\r\nnew constructor()\r\n<\/pre>\n
A constructor can accept arguments<\/strong> that can be used to change or add properties to the object instance it constructs. The constructor has the same name<\/strong> as the object it belongs to.<\/p>\n
Here is an example how to create an instance of the Date()<\/code> object<\/strong> with the new<\/code> keyword:<\/p>\n
\r\ndt = new Date(2017, 0 , 1)\r\nconsole.log(dt)\r\n\/\/ Sun Jan 01 2017 00:00:00 GMT+0100\r\n<\/pre>\n
Date()<\/code> is the constructor to create a new Date<\/code><\/a> object. Different constructors for an object take different arguments<\/strong> to create the same kind of object instances with varied attributes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Not all built-in objects in JavaScript\t can be instantiated like Date<\/code>. There are objects that don\u2019t come with a constructor<\/strong>: Math<\/code><\/a>, JSON<\/code><\/a> and Reflect<\/code><\/a>, but they\u2019re still ordinary objects.<\/p>\n
Among the built-in objects that have constructor(s), Symbol<\/code><\/a> cannot be called in the constructor style<\/strong> to instantiate a new Symbol<\/code> instance. It can only be called as a function<\/strong> which returns a new Symbol<\/code> value.<\/p>\n
Also, among the built-in objects that have constructor(s), not all need their constructors to be called with the new<\/code> operator in order to be instantiated. Function<\/code><\/a>, Array<\/code><\/a>, Error<\/code><\/a>, and RegExp<\/code><\/a> can also be called as functions<\/strong>, without using the new<\/code> keyword, and they\u2019ll instantiate and return a new object instance.<\/p>\n
2. The Reflect<\/code> object<\/h2>\n
Backend programmers might be already familiar with Reflection APIs<\/strong>. Reflection is a feature of programming languages to inspect and update some of the basic entities<\/strong>, such as objects and classes, at runtime<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
In JavaScript, you could already perform some<\/em> reflection operations using Object<\/code>. But, a proper Reflection API<\/strong> eventually came to exist in JavaScript as well.<\/p>\n
The Reflect<\/code><\/a><\/strong> object has a set of methods to create and update object instances<\/strong>. The Reflect<\/code> object doesn\u2019t have a constructor<\/strong>, so it can\u2019t be instantiated with the new<\/code> operator, and, just like Math<\/code> and JSON<\/code>, it can\u2019t be called as a function<\/strong> either.<\/p>\n
However, Reflect<\/code> has an equivalent of the new<\/code> operator<\/strong>: the Reflect.construct()<\/code><\/a><\/strong> method.<\/p>\n
\r\nReflect.construct(target, argumentsList[, newTarget])\r\n<\/pre>\n
Both the target<\/code> and the optional newTarget<\/code> arguments are objects having their own  constructors<\/strong>, while argumentsList<\/code> is a list of arguments<\/strong> to be passed to the constructor of target<\/code>.<\/p>\n
\r\nvar dt = Reflect.construct(Date, [2017, 0 , 1]);\r\nconsole.log(dt);\r\n\/\/ Sun Jan 01 2017 00:00:00 GMT+0100\r\n<\/pre>\n
The code above has the same effect<\/strong> as instantiating Date()<\/code> using the new<\/code> operator. Although you can still use new<\/code>, Reflection is an ECMAScript 6 standard<\/strong>. It also allows you to make use of the newTarget<\/code> argument<\/strong>, which is another advantage over the new<\/code> operator.<\/p>\n
Read Also:<\/strong> ECMAScript 6 \u2013 10 Awesome New Features<\/a><\/p>\n
The value of newTarget<\/code>\u2018s prototype (to be exact, it\u2019s the prototype of newTarget<\/code>\u2018s constructor) becomes the prototype of the newly created instance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
A prototype<\/a> is the property of an Object<\/strong>, the value of which is also an object<\/strong>, carrying the properties of the original object. In short, an object gets its members from its prototype.<\/p>\n
Here, let\u2019s see an example:<\/p>\n
\r\nclass A {\r\n  constructor() {\r\n    this.message = function() {\r\n      console.log('message from A')\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nclass B {\r\n  constructor() {\r\n  }\r\n  message() {\r\n    console.log('message from B')\r\n  }\r\n  data() {\r\n    console.log('data from B')\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nobj = Reflect.construct(A, [], B)\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj.message());\r\n\/\/ message from A\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj.data());\r\n\/\/ data from B\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj instanceof B)\r\n\/\/ true\r\n<\/pre>\n
By passing B<\/code> as the third argument to Reflect.construct()<\/code>, the prototype value of the obj<\/code> object is made to be same<\/strong> as the prototype of B<\/code>\u2018s constructor (which has the properties message<\/code> and data<\/code>).<\/p>\n
Thus, obj<\/code> can access the message<\/code> and data<\/code><\/strong>, available at its prototype. But, since obj<\/code> is made using A<\/code>, it also has its own message<\/code> it received from A<\/code><\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Even though obj<\/code> is constructed as an array, it is not an instance of Array<\/code><\/strong>, because its prototype is set to Object<\/code>.<\/p>\n
\r\nobj = Reflect.construct(Array, [1,2,3], Object)\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj)\r\n\/\/ Array [ 1, 2, 3 ]\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj instanceof Array)\r\n\/\/ false\r\n<\/pre>\n
Reflect.construct()<\/code> can be useful when you want to create an object using more than one blueprint<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
3. The Object.create()<\/code> method<\/h2>\n
You can also create a new ordinary object with a specific prototype<\/strong> via Object.create()<\/code><\/a><\/strong>. This, too, might seem very similar to using the new<\/code> operator, but it\u2019s not.<\/p>\n
\r\nObject.create(O[, propertiesObject])\r\n<\/pre>\n
The O<\/code> argument is an object that serves the prototype<\/strong> for the new object that will be created. The optional propertiesObject<\/code> argument is a list of properties<\/strong> you might want to add to the new object.<\/p>\n
\r\nclass A {\r\n  constructor() {\r\n  }\r\n  message() {\r\n    console.log('message from A')\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\nvar obj = Object.create(new A(), {\r\n  data: {\r\n    writable: true,\r\n    configurable: true,\r\n    value: function(){return 'data from obj'}\r\n  }\r\n})\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj.message())\r\n\/\/ message from A\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj.data())\r\n\/\/ data from obj\r\n\r\nobj1 = Object.create(new A(), {\r\n  foo: {\r\n    writable: true,\r\n    configurable: true,\r\n    value: function(){return 'foo from obj1'}\r\n  }\r\n})\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj1.message())\r\n\/\/ message from A\r\n\r\nconsole.log(obj1.foo())\r\n\/\/ foo from obj1\r\n<\/pre>\n
In the obj<\/code> object, the added property is data<\/code>, while in obj1<\/code>, it\u2019s foo<\/code>. So, as you see, we can have properties and methods added to a new object<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
This is great when you want to create multiple objects of the same kind<\/strong> but with different supplementary properties or methods<\/strong>. The Object.create()<\/code> syntax saves the trouble of coding all of them separately.<\/p>\n
Read Also:<\/strong> Getting Started with JavaScript Promises<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
When a programming language is all about objects, the first thing we need to learn is how to create objects. Creating objects in JavaScript is fairly easy: a pair of curly braces will do the job, however, that is neither the only way to create an object nor the only way you\u2019ll ever need to…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":145,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3392],"tags":[4117],"topic":[4520],"class_list":["entry-content","is-maxi"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n3 Ways to Create Object Instances in OOJS - Hongkiat<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"When a programming language is all about objects, the first thing we need to learn is how to create objects. 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